On June 5 and June 27, during talks at the NTRA meeting space, Williamsburg resident Grace Konar (Konarkowski) and New Town resident Aneta Leska spoke about their lives in Poland. They captivated their audiences with vivid family stories.
At the first talk, drawing on her parents and grandparents’ memories, Grace described the impact of the German invasion of Poland and the Holocaust on her family, including her father and mothers-in-law’s experience in concentration camps. At the second talk, both Grace and Aneta shared stories from their own memories of state surveillance, escape and resistance in postwar Communist Poland. Family photos and documents from the concentration camp archives provided vivid images, complementing their stories.

Life under Polish Communism
On June 27, Grace and Aneta spoke of how the Soviet Union imposed communism on Poland and how that control affected the lives of the Polish people. The Polish Communist Party sought control of all aspects of government, economy and society. Under communism, Poles often experienced significant food shortages and limited access go consumer items. To maintain control and suppress dissent, the regime had a widespread surveillance system to monitor what people were doing or saying. Opposition could lead to arrest and imprisonment
Grace remembered the propaganda expounded by government-owned newspapers, radio and later television stations, as well as how that propaganda shaped school curriculum. From fifth grade on, all students studied Russian and there was constant veneration of the Soviet Union. Everyone was expected to vote, but there were no free elections. She recalled that the same Communist candidates constantly appeared on the ballot and there were consequences for failing to vote or for failing to attend the compulsory May Day parade.
Both Grace and Aneta experienced the fears associated with living in a totalitarian nation. Seeking to hear the truth, Grace’s grandfather held the radio up to his ear when surreptitiously listening to Radio Free Europe, which was illegal. She spoke of the constant surveillance as authorities listened to phone calls and opened mail, and the secret police monitored people’s activities, including her church youth group. Its popular priest was suspected of inculcating anti-government ideas. Students, including a frightened Grace, were interrogated at school by the secret police for evidence of subversion and the priest ultimately disappeared.
Aneta, who is a generation younger than Grace, recalled how sugar, meat and milk were rationed and that during the food crisis of the 1980s, her mother brought her on smuggling trips to other Eastern bloc countries, during which they carried food and consumer items back to Poland. She remembered her intense fear of being caught. As a child, Aneta was aware that her extended family included a member of the secret police and she shared her memory of standing on her family’s apartment balcony with her father as he pointed out the apartments of neighbors, who were government informers, who were reporting on his activities.
Grace’s Family’s Escape to the United States
New Towners in the audience were captivated and moved by Grace’s account of her family’s escape from Gdansk, in the northern part of Poland. In 1974, her husband, Mike, who was studying to become a naval engineer, spent a summer in Sweden as an exchange student- worker in a shipyard, where he experienced the differences between east and west, especially greater freedom and a much higher standard of living. Grace relayed how he came home determined to escape. With a chuckle, she confessed that “it was all Mike; he was the one who wanted to leave.” Three years later, based on his exchange experience, Mike was allowed to take a short trip back to Sweden. But he left without Grace and their baby, Matthew, a government requirement to guarantee his return. With directions from earlier escapees, Mike managed to get to West Germany, which welcomed him and assisted him in his immigration application as a refugee to the U.S.
Getting Grace and Matthew out of Poland took a lot of money and connections with the passport office, both of which were provided by Grace’s Uncle Helmet, a ship captain. Grace spoke with emotion as she declared that her family remains deeply indebted to Helmet for his critical assistance, given despite the danger it entailed. But all did not go as planned. Just before their departure date, toddler Matthew’s passport was cancelled. Her uncle urged her to stick to their plans and leave her child with a relative. Fearful of calling in advance and exposing her escape plans, she immediately rushed to the train station and hours later arrived at her mother-law, Balbina’s doorstep to drop off Matthew.
Grace did not see her young son or have any direct communication with him for 15 months. Still emotional about this separation 50 years later, Grace said “I cried every night for 15 months.” Frantic, the family went without avail for help to the West German government and the Red Cross.
Grace’s uncle obtained approval for Matthew to travel to Sweden, but it was on the condition that Grace and Mike, who were then in West Germany, could prove they had permanent residency in Sweden. As a last hope, Grace’s mother, Janina, went to the Swedish Consul’s office in Warsaw, prepared to lie. While waiting, she began crying from the stress and a sympathetic Swedish staff member, upon hearing about Matthew’s plight, advised Janina to tell the truth and the sympathetic Consul authorized the necessary Swedish documents.
In 1978, the Konarkowski family was reunited on a German dock, but only after yet more moments of sheer panic as little Matthew was initially refused admittance by German officials. Shortly afterwards they flew to New York City, almost penniless. Grace recounted how they had been given two telephone numbers by Polish friends, one of which connected them with a Russian Columbia University professor, who generously offered housing and helped Mike write his resume and apply for jobs. To this day, they remain grateful to this professor whose assistance helped facilitate the family’s move to Virginia, where Mike obtained a professional position and the family prospered, became citizens, and had two more children.

(Left) Grace and Mike Konarkowski; (Right) Grandmother Balbina with young Matthew
Aneta’s Family and the Solidarity Movement
As Grace’s family was starting a new life in the United States, Aneta’s family was heavily involved in the Solidarity Movement, which beginning in 1980 sparked the movement that led to the end of communism in Poland in 1989, and the crumbling of the Communist bloc in eastern Europe. Aneta pointed out that many tend to associate Solidarity with its origins in the Gdansk shipyard union in northern Poland, but that it was a national, multi-union organization and social movement that promoted workers’ rights and political change.
Aneta described how her father and mother, Staniskaw and Jadwiga Leska, who came from modest, rural backgrounds, worked at the largest Polish factory making tires in Debica. They were active in the plant’s union, helping to improve working conditions. Just months after the founding of Solidarity, her father became the second member of its Debica chapter and became an important Solidarity leader in southeastern Poland, helping to create connections between workers and university student dissidents in Krakow.
Aneta recalled that as a child, she was aware of her father’s dissident activities and remembered meetings held in their home. While forbidden to talk about these gatherings, her parents hid the risks of their activities from her and her younger sister. To crush the protests, in 1981, the Communist Polish government declared martial law and arrested many of the leaders of the Solidarity movement.
When martial law was imposed, Staniskaw hid but continued organizing for Solidarity and distributing illegal, underground newspapers and leaflets. In 1983, her father was dragged out of bed in the middle of the night, but Aneta had no memories of his arrest, beyond his sudden disappearance. She did remember her shock at his appearance upon his release. Fortunately, his imprisonment was short lived, only three months, because the government ended martial law and gave amnesty to most political prisoners. Upon his release, the Polish government offered Staniskaw the opportunity to emigrate to the U.S., but he refused to leave.
Aneta’s father continued to fight for Solidarity and freedom and, in 1989 he and his family celebrated the end of Communism in Poland after the first free elections. Aneta proudly noted that in 2023 the government awarded her father the Freedom and Solidarity Cross, an award presented to people who engaged in oppositional activity to the Communist regime.
Aneta’s family prospered with end of Communism. Her father served as a City Council member, became a director of the Goodyear plant and of the local branch of the state-owned natural gas company.
In 1996, Aneta came to the United States as a high school exchange student and stayed, attending college in the United States, earning a graduate degree from the London School of Economics and working at the Global Research Institute at the College of William and Mary.

(Left) Staniskaw Leska's Solidarity membership card; (Right) Attending a Solidarity meeting